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Classical activation of macrophages (M(LPS+IFNγ)) elicits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), generating large amounts of NO and inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. Upregulation of glycolysis and a disrupted tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle underpin this switch to a pro-inflammatory phenotype. We show that the NOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) modulates IL-1β production and key aspects of metabolic remodeling in activated murine macrophages via NO production. Using two complementary genetic models, we reveal that NO modulates levels of the essential TCA cycle metabolites citrate and succinate, as well as the inflammatory mediator itaconate. Furthermore, NO regulates macrophage respiratory function via changes in the abundance of critical N-module subunits in Complex I. However, NO-deficient cells can still upregulate glycolysis despite changes in the abundance of glycolytic intermediates and proteins involved in glucose metabolism. Our findings reveal a fundamental role for iNOS-derived NO in regulating metabolic remodeling and cytokine production in the pro-inflammatory macrophage.

Original publication

DOI

10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.018

Type

Journal article

Journal

Cell Rep

Publication Date

02/07/2019

Volume

28

Pages

218 - 230.e7

Keywords

immunometabolism, inflammation, macrophage metabolism, mitochondria, nitric oxide, tetrahydrobiopterin, Animals, Biopterins, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport, Endotoxemia, GTP Cyclohydrolase, Glycolysis, Inflammation, Interferon-gamma, Interleukin-1beta, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Mitochondria, Mycobacterium Infections, Nitric Oxide, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II, Peptide Fragments, Proteome, Succinates, Succinic Acid, Tandem Mass Spectrometry